Glossary

Plain-language definitions of the terms used across Bursalytic, in English and Bahasa Malaysia.

ATR · ATR: Average True Range: the average daily trading range, including gaps. Used to size stops relative to how much a stock normally moves.
BA (Bursalytic Assistant) · BA (Bursalytic Assistant): Bursalytic's AI assistant. It writes the daily wrap, stock data briefs, IPO reviews and portfolio check-ups, and turns plain-language requests into screens and formulas, using only Bursalytic's own data. It never tells you to buy or sell, and it can be wrong, so check anything important. →
Backtest · Ujian balik: Testing a rule on past prices to see how it would have done. Useful for rejecting bad ideas; a good backtest doesn't guarantee future results. →
Beta · Beta: How much a stock has moved with the KLCI. 1 means in line, above 1 more volatile than the index, below 1 less.
Blue chip · Saham bluechip: A large, established, liquid company, typically a KLCI constituent. →
Board lot · Lot papan: The standard trading unit on Bursa Malaysia: 100 shares. Prices are quoted per share, so one lot of a RM2.00 stock costs RM200 before fees.
Bollinger Bands · Bollinger Bands: A 20-day average with bands two standard deviations above and below. Narrow bands mean low volatility (a squeeze); closes outside the bands are unusual. →
Bonus issue · Terbitan bonus: Free new shares to existing shareholders, e.g. 1 for every 2 held. Your holding's value doesn't change: the price adjusts down on the ex-date. →
CDS account · Akaun CDS: Your account at Bursa Depository (Central Depository System) that holds your shares. You open it through a stockbroker; each broker can open one CDS account per person.
Discounted cash flow (DCF) · Aliran tunai terdiskaun (DCF): Valuing a company by estimating future cash flows and discounting them to today. Very sensitive to growth and discount-rate assumptions. →
Dividend yield · Hasil dividen: Cash dividends over the past 12 months ÷ price. Bursalytic uses dividends actually paid, including special ones, so one-off payouts can inflate it. →
Dollar-cost averaging · Purata kos ringgit: Investing a fixed amount at regular intervals regardless of price, so you buy more shares when prices are low. →
Entitlement date · Tarikh kelayakan: The date you must be on the company's Record of Depositors to receive a dividend or corporate action. With T+2 settlement, the ex-date is one market day earlier.
Ex-date · Tarikh ex: The first day a stock trades without the right to an announced dividend or entitlement. Buy before the ex-date to receive it. The price usually drops by about the dividend on the ex-date. →
FBM KLCI · FBM KLCI: The FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI: the 30 largest Main Market companies by market value that meet FTSE's free-float and liquidity rules. It's the headline gauge of the market. →
Golden cross, death cross · Persilangan emas, persilangan maut: When the 50-day average crosses above the 200-day (golden) or below it (death). Popular, slow trend signals. →
Ichimoku cloud · Awan Ichimoku: A Japanese trend system: conversion (9) and base (26) lines, a cloud projected 26 sessions ahead, and a lagging line. Price above the cloud is read as an uptrend. →
IPO, oversubscription and balloting · IPO, lebihan langganan dan undian: An initial public offering is a company's first sale of shares to the public. When applications exceed the shares available (oversubscribed), shares are allocated by ballot. →
MACD · MACD: The gap between the 12- and 26-day exponential averages, with a 9-day signal line. Crossings of the signal line and of zero are read as momentum shifts. →
Main, ACE and LEAP Markets · Pasaran Utama, ACE dan LEAP: Bursa's three boards. The Main Market is for established companies; ACE is a sponsor-driven market for growth companies; LEAP is for smaller companies and open only to sophisticated investors.
Market breadth · Keluasan pasaran: How many stocks rose versus fell. A rising index with weak breadth means a few large stocks are doing the lifting. →
Market capitalisation · Permodalan pasaran: Share price × shares outstanding: what the market values the whole company at.
Moving average (SMA, EMA) · Purata bergerak (SMA, EMA): The average closing price over the last n sessions. A simple average weights each day equally; an exponential one weights recent days more. Used to read trend direction. →
Odd lot · Lot ganjil: A holding of fewer than 100 shares, often left over after a bonus issue or consolidation. Odd lots trade in a separate market with thinner liquidity.
P/B (price to NTA) · P/B (harga kepada NTA): Price ÷ net tangible assets per share. Below 1 means the market values the company under its book value.
P/E ratio · Nisbah P/E: Price ÷ earnings per share. How many years of current profit you pay for. Compare within a sector; a low P/E can mean cheap or troubled.
Penny stock · Saham penny: A low-priced share, commonly under RM1. Small price moves are large percentages and liquidity can be thin, so risk is high. →
REIT · REIT: Real estate investment trust: owns income-producing property and distributes most of its income to unitholders, which is why yields are usually high. →
Relative volume · Volum relatif: Today's volume ÷ the 20-day average. 3× means three times the usual activity. →
Rights issue · Terbitan hak: New shares offered to existing shareholders at a set price, usually at a discount, to raise cash. Rights can be subscribed, sold or left to lapse. →
ROE · ROE: Return on equity: net profit ÷ shareholders' equity. How much profit the company makes with the owners' money.
RSI · RSI: Relative Strength Index (0–100) compares recent gains with recent losses. Above 70 is called overbought, below 30 oversold. Strong trends can stay overbought for a long time. →
Share split and consolidation · Pecahan dan penyatuan saham: A split divides each share into several (price falls proportionally); a consolidation merges several shares into one (price rises). Neither changes what you own. →
Shariah-compliant · Patuh Syariah: On the Securities Commission's list of Shariah-compliant securities, which screens business activities and financial ratios. The list is reviewed twice a year, in May and November. →
Substantial shareholder · Pemegang saham utama: Anyone holding 5% or more of a company's voting shares, directly or through companies they control (indirect interest). They must disclose changes to Bursa, so their moves are public. See who owns a stock on its shareholder tree. →
Support and resistance · Sokongan dan rintangan: Price areas where buying (support) or selling (resistance) has repeatedly appeared. They're watched levels, not guarantees.
T+2 settlement · Penyelesaian T+2: Bursa trades settle two market days after the trade date: that's when shares reach your CDS account and cash changes hands.
Tick size · Saiz bida: The smallest price step. On Bursa: 0.5 sen below RM1, 1 sen from RM1 to under RM10, 2 sen from RM10 to under RM100, and 10 sen from RM100. →
Trading costs · Kos dagangan: Each buy or sell pays brokerage (with a minimum), a clearing fee, stamp duty on the contract note and service tax on the fees. Small trades lose the most to minimum brokerage. →
Warrant · Waran: A listed right to buy the company's shares at a fixed exercise price before an expiry date. Warrants are geared: they move more than the share and can expire worthless.